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IL21

Gene Description:   interleukin 21 Synonyms:   IL21, Za11, Il21, IL-21 Orthologs:   Human IL21 (protein-coding), Mouse Il21 (protein-coding), Rat Il21 (protein-coding)   Sources Sources Human-Mouse: HomoloGene, MGD, RGD, Inparanoid, OrthoMCL, KEGG Human-Rat: HomoloGene, MGD, RGD, Inparanoid, OrthoMCL, KEGG Mouse-Rat: HomoloGene, MGD, RGD, Inparanoid, OrthoMCL, KEGG Possible sources: HomoloGene, MGD, RGD, Ensembl, Inparanoid, OrthoMCL, KEGG

Regions Overlapping this Feature:  Human: 1 Mouse: 2 Rat: 1

Associated Regions: Available

Regions were calculated based on variants available for a large study with a convincing p-value (P < 5 x 10^-8) +/- 0.1cM, and then these regions were examined for genes based on the current set of T1DBase gene spans.

Region	Species	Chromosomal Location	Mb	Number of genes	Marker
4q27	Human	chr4:122909415..123614282	0.70	24	rs2069763 rs4505848

Linkage Regions: Available

Locus	Species	Chromosomal Location	Mb	Number of genes	Linkage and Congenic Studies
Idd3	Mouse	chr3:36626676..37277405	0.65	9	19 no lod score

Other Regions: Available

Locus	Species	Chromosomal Location	Mb	Number of genes
Human 4q27 Orthologous Region	Rat	chr2:123220077..123823432	0.60	4
Human 4q27 Orthologous Region	Mouse	chr3:36628818..37183472	0.55	4

(Human) GRCh37 - chr4:123533772..123542224 (8.45 kb)  View in Genome Browser

(Mouse) NCBIM37 - chr3:37121681..37131540 (9.86 kb)  View in Genome Browser

(Rat) RGSC3.4 - chr2:123774331..123781697 (7.37 kb)  View in Genome Browser

Users should be aware that the scale represents a rank within an experiment rather than a normalized expression signal.

Human Mouse Rat ductal cells exocrine pancreas pancreatic islets primary beta cells Pancreatic Islets MPSS beta cell line pancreatic islets whole pancreas alpha cell beta cell line pancreatic islets primary beta cells whole pancreas       no data         no data no data no data no data no data

Expression Legend   Range 0                                                                                                     100                                                                                                       No Data The Beta Cell Gene Atlas is a collection of almost all available public microarray data generated with pancreatic beta cells and related cell lines and types. The expression data comes from 131 array analyses derived from 28 experiments (open details in a new window). The basal (untreated cell) expression signal intensity values in each array were converted to ranks within the experiments; the highest value was used for genes represented by more than one probe. The rank values of genes in a given cell type were averaged with other calculated values from experiments performed with the same cell type. The rank transformation of the expression values enable comparison of gene expression across different organisms and tissues. A red border around a cell indicates greater certainty in the data; specifically, the gene has >0.95 probability of being expressed in the tissue.

Users should be aware that the scale represents a rank within an experiment rather than a normalized expression signal.

Expression Legend

Range 0                                                                                                     100                                                                                                       No Data

Signal intensity values were converted to ranks within the experiments. For genes represented by more than one probeset, we averaged the intensity signals for each probeset across all tissues and chose the probeset with the highest average value. The rank transformation of the expression values enables comparison of gene expression across different organisms and tissues.

Symbols represent expression compared with the overall mean. Please click 'HaemAtlasProfile' link below for associated probe mappings and a detailed profile.

CD Marker EB MK CD66b CD14 CD19 CD8 CD4 CD56 Expression Pattern HaemAtlasProfile

Expression Legend CD Marker Cell Type Lineage EB Erythroblast PRECURSOR MK Megakaryocyte PRECURSOR CD66b Granulocyte MYELOID CD14 Monocyte MYELOID CD19 B Lymphocyte LYMPHOID CD8 Tc Lymphocyte LYMPHOID CD4 Th Lymphocyte LYMPHOID CD56 Natural Killer cell LYMPHOID Symbol Expression Level High Moderate Low Not Detected

Interactions Table for IL21: The IL21 interactions are shown below. Each row lists the two interactors, the sources which document this as an interaction, a classification of the interaction as empirical or predicted, and Pubmed IDs (if any) for the interaction. The table of interactions is downloadable as a text file. Please note that the text file will not include data from HPRD due to restrictions imposed by the HPRD funding sources. Interactor Interactor Sources Classification Pubmed IDs IL21   DGKA   HPRD  empirical  8626603  IL21   IL21R   HPRD, BioGRID  empirical  11418623

View all

KEGG Network: 2   Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction Human - 4060 Mouse - 4060 Rat - 4060 Jak-STAT signaling pathway Human - 4630 Mouse - 4630 Rat - 4630

Biocarta: None available   None available.

Reactome: None available   None available.

NCI-Nature Pathway Interaction Database: None available   None available.

Gene Ontology: 17   Positive regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production GO:0002729 Cytokine activity GO:0005125 Cytokine receptor binding GO:0005126 Interleukin-2 receptor binding GO:0005134 Extracellular region GO:0005576 Extracellular space GO:0005615 Immune response GO:0006955 Signal transduction GO:0007165 Positive regulation of interleukin-10 production GO:0032733 Positive regulation of interleukin-17 production GO:0032740 Positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation GO:0032825 Positive regulation of tissue remodeling GO:0034105 Positive regulation of T cell proliferation GO:0042102 Positive regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process GO:0045078 Positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0045954 Cell maturation GO:0048469 Positive regulation of inflammatory response GO:0050729

	KEGG Network: 2 Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction Human - 4060 Mouse - 4060 Rat - 4060 Jak-STAT signaling pathway Human - 4630 Mouse - 4630 Rat - 4630
	Biocarta: None available
	Reactome: None available
	NCI-Nature Pathway Interaction Database: None available
	Gene Ontology: 17 Positive regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production GO:0002729 Cytokine activity GO:0005125 Cytokine receptor binding GO:0005126 Interleukin-2 receptor binding GO:0005134 Extracellular region GO:0005576 Extracellular space GO:0005615 Immune response GO:0006955 Signal transduction GO:0007165 Positive regulation of interleukin-10 production GO:0032733 Positive regulation of interleukin-17 production GO:0032740 Positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation GO:0032825 Positive regulation of tissue remodeling GO:0034105 Positive regulation of T cell proliferation GO:0042102 Positive regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process GO:0045078 Positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0045954 Cell maturation GO:0048469 Positive regulation of inflammatory response GO:0050729

Type 1 Diabetes Publications: 20

• Key role for IL-21 in experimental autoimmune uveitis.
  Wang L, Yu CR, Kim HP, Liao W, Telford WG, Egwuagu CE, Leonard WJ
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21593413
   
  
• A subset of interleukin-21+ chemokine receptor CCR9+ T helper cells target accessory organs of the digestive system in autoimmunity.
  McGuire HM, Vogelzang A, Ma CS, Hughes WE, Silveira PA, Tangye SG, Christ D, Fulcher D, Falcone M, King C
  Immunity. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21511186
   
  
• Interleukin-21 is critically required in autoimmune and allogeneic responses to islet tissue in murine models.
  McGuire HM, Walters S, Vogelzang A, Lee CM, Webster KE, Sprent J, Christ D, Grey S, King C
  Diabetes. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21357471
   
  
• A targeted association study in systemic lupus erythematosus identifies multiple susceptibility alleles.
  Budarf ML, Goyette P, Boucher G, Lian J, Graham RR, Claudio JO, Hudson T, Gladman D, Clarke AE, Pope JE, Peschken C, Smith CD, Hanly J, Rich E, Boire G, Barr SG, Zummer M, GenES Investigators, Fortin PR, Wither J, Rioux JD
  Genes Immun. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20962850
   
  
• Confirmation of an association between rs6822844 at the Il2-Il21 region and multiple autoimmune diseases: evidence of a general susceptibility locus.
  Maiti AK, Kim-Howard X, Viswanathan P, Guillén L, Rojas-Villarraga A, Deshmukh H, Direskeneli H, Saruhan-Direskeneli G, Cañas C, Tobön GJ, Sawalha AH, Cherñavsky AC, Anaya JM, Nath SK
  Arthritis Rheum. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20112382
   
  
• Only one independent genetic association with rheumatoid arthritis within the KIAA1109-TENR-IL2-IL21 locus in Caucasian sample sets: confirmation of association of rs6822844 with rheumatoid arthritis at a genome-wide level of significance.
  Hollis-Moffatt JE, Chen-Xu M, Topless R, Dalbeth N, Gow PJ, Harrison AA, Highton J, Jones PB, Nissen M, Smith MD, van Rij A, Jones GT, Stamp LK, Merriman TR
  Arthritis Res Ther. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20553587
   
  
• Genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes is associated with reduced prostate cancer risk.
  Pierce BL, Ahsan H
  Hum Hered. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20203524
   
  
• Loss of parity between IL-2 and IL-21 in the NOD Idd3 locus.
  McGuire HM, Vogelzang A, Hill N, Flodström-Tullberg M, Sprent J, King C
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009
  PubMed ID: 19880748
   
  
• Multiple sclerosis association study with the TENR-IL2-IL21 region in a Spanish population.
  Fedetz M, Ndagire D, Fernandez O, Leyva L, Guerrero M, Arnal C, Lucas M, Izquierdo G, Delgado C, Alcina A, Matesanz F
  Tissue Antigens. 2009
  PubMed ID: 19523143
   
  
• Genetic variants in the region harbouring IL2/IL21 associated with ulcerative colitis.
  Festen EA, Goyette P, Scott R, Annese V, Zhernakova A, Lian J, Lefèbvre C, Brant SR, Cho JH, Silverberg MS, Taylor KD, de Jong DJ, Stokkers PC, Mcgovern D, Palmieri O, Achkar JP, Xavier RJ, Daly MJ, Duerr RH, Wijmenga C, Weersma RK, Rioux JD
  Gut. 2009
  PubMed ID: 19201773
   
  
• Novel Association of the Interleukin 2-Interleukin 21 Region With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
  Márquez A, Orozco G, Martínez A, Palomino-Morales R, Fernández-Arquero M, Mendoza JL, Taxonera C, Díaz-Rubio M, Gómez-García M, Nieto A, López-Nevot MA, de la Concha EG, Martín J, Urcelay E
  Am J Gastroenterol. 2009
  PubMed ID: 19471255
   
  
• Interleukin-21 is required for the development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice.
  Sutherland AP, Van Belle T, Wurster AL, Suto A, Michaud M, Zhang D, Grusby MJ, von Herrath M
  Diabetes. 2009
  PubMed ID: 19208913
   
  
• Shared and distinct genetic variants in type 1 diabetes and celiac disease.
  Smyth DJ, Plagnol V, Walker NM, Cooper JD, Downes K, Yang JH, Howson JM, Stevens H, McManus R, Wijmenga C, Heap GA, Dubois PC, Clayton DG, Hunt KA, van Heel DA, Todd JA
  N Engl J Med. 2008
  PubMed ID: 19073967
   
  
• The defect in T-cell regulation in NOD mice is an effect on the T-cell effectors.
  D'Alise AM, Auyeung V, Feuerer M, Nishio J, Fontenot J, Benoist C, Mathis D
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008
  PubMed ID: 19073938
   
  
• Release from regulatory T cell-mediated suppression during the onset of tissue-specific autoimmunity is associated with elevated IL-21.
  Clough LE, Wang CJ, Schmidt EM, Booth G, Hou TZ, Ryan GA, Walker LS
  J Immunol. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18390721
   
  
• Newly identified genetic risk variants for celiac disease related to the immune response.
  Hunt KA, Zhernakova A, Turner G, Heap GA, Franke L, Bruinenberg M, Romanos J, Dinesen LC, Ryan AW, Panesar D, Gwilliam R, Takeuchi F, McLaren WM, Holmes GK, Howdle PD, Walters JR, Sanders DS, Playford RJ, Trynka G, Mulder CJ, Mearin ML, Verbeek WH, Trimble V, Stevens FM, O'Morain C, Kennedy NP, Kelleher D, Pennington DJ, Strachan DP, McArdle WL, Mein CA, Wapenaar MC, Deloukas P, McGinnis R, McManus R, Wijmenga C, van Heel DA
  Nat Genet. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18311140
   
  
• IL-21 limits peripheral lymphocyte numbers through T cell homeostatic mechanisms.
  Datta S, Sarvetnick NE
  PLoS ONE. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18773086
   
  
• Molecular scanning of interleukin-21 gene and genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.
  Asano K, Ikegami H, Fujisawa T, Nishino M, Nojima K, Kawabata Y, Noso S, Hiromine Y, Fukai A, Ogihara T
  Hum Immunol. 2007
  PubMed ID: 17462506
   
  
• The gene for human IL-21 and genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in the Japanese.
  Asano K, Ikegami H, Fujisawa T, Kawabata Y, Noso S, Hiromine Y, Ogihara T
  Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006
  PubMed ID: 17130531
   
  
• Congenic mapping and candidate sequencing of susceptibility genes for Type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse.
  Ikegami H, Fujisawa T, Makino S, Ogihara T
  Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003
  PubMed ID: 14679059
   
  

Publications: 227

• Identification of common variants influencing risk of the tauopathy progressive supranuclear palsy.
  Höglinger GU, Melhem NM, Dickson DW, Sleiman PM, Wang LS, Klei L, Rademakers R, de Silva R, Litvan I, Riley DE, van Swieten JC, Heutink P, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ, Vandrovcova J, Hurtig HI, Gross RG, Maetzler W, Goldwurm S, Tolosa E, Borroni B, Pastor P, PSP Genetics Study Group, Cantwell LB, Han MR, Dillman A, van der Brug MP, Gibbs JR, Cookson MR, Hernandez DG, Singleton AB, Farrer MJ, Yu CE, Golbe LI, Revesz T, Hardy J, Lees AJ, Devlin B, Hakonarson H, Müller U, Schellenberg GD
  Nat Genet. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21685912
   
  
• Caspase-8 cleavage of the interleukin-21 (IL-21) receptor is a negative feedback regulator of IL-21 signaling.
  Akagi T, Shimizu K, Takahama S, Iwasaki T, Sakamaki K, Endo Y, Sawasaki T
  FEBS Lett. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21524651
   
  
• STAT3-dependent IL-21 production from T helper cells regulates hematopoietic progenitor cell homeostasis.
  Kaplan MH, Glosson NL, Stritesky GL, Yeh N, Kinzfogl J, Rohrabaugh SL, Goswami R, Pham D, Levy DE, Brutkiewicz RR, Blum JS, Cooper S, Hangoc G, Broxmeyer HE
  Blood. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21505191
   
  
• Upregulation of IL-21 receptor on B cells and IL-21 secretion distinguishes novel 2009 H1N1 vaccine responders from nonresponders among HIV-infected persons on combination antiretroviral therapy.
  Pallikkuth S, Pilakka Kanthikeel S, Silva SY, Fischl M, Pahwa R, Pahwa S
  J Immunol. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21531891
   
  
• Fine-mapping and transethnic genotyping establish IL2/IL21 genetic association with lupus and localize this genetic effect to IL21.
  Hughes T, Kim-Howard X, Kelly JA, Kaufman KM, Langefeld CD, Ziegler J, Sanchez E, Kimberly RP, Edberg JC, Ramsey-Goldman R, Petri M, Reveille JD, Martín J, Brown EE, Vilá LM, Alarcón GS, James JA, Gilkeson GS, Moser KL, Gaffney PM, Merrill JT, Vyse TJ, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, BIOLUPUS Network, Nath SK, Harley JB, Sawalha AH
  Arthritis Rheum. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21425124
   
  
• Th-17 associated cytokines in patients with reactive arthritis/undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy.
  Singh AK, Misra R, Aggarwal A
  Clin Rheumatol. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21181220
   
  
• IL-21 promotes skin recruitment of CD4(+) cells and drives IFN-γ-dependent epidermal hyperplasia.
  Sarra M, Caruso R, Cupi ML, Monteleone I, Stolfi C, Campione E, Diluvio L, Mazzotta A, Botti E, Chimenti S, Costanzo A, MacDonald TT, Pallone F, Monteleone G
  J Immunol. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21441456
   
  
• Analysis of the role of IL-21 in development of murine B cell progenitors in the bone marrow.
  Simard N, Konforte D, Tran AH, Esufali J, Leonard WJ, Paige CJ
  J Immunol. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21430229
   
  
• IL-27 and IL-21 are associated with T cell IL-10 responses in human visceral leishmaniasis.
  Ansari NA, Kumar R, Gautam S, Nylén S, Singh OP, Sundar S, Sacks D
  J Immunol. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21357266
   
  
• IL-21 is pivotal in determining age-dependent effectiveness of immune responses in a mouse model of human hepatitis B.
  Publicover J, Goodsell A, Nishimura S, Vilarinho S, Wang ZE, Avanesyan L, Spolski R, Leonard WJ, Cooper S, Baron JL
  J Clin Invest. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21393863
   
  
• A systematic investigation of confirmed autoimmune loci in early-onset psoriasis reveals an association with IL2/IL21.
  Warren RB, Smith RL, Flynn E, Bowes J, UKRAG Consortium, Eyre S, Worthington J, Barton A, Griffiths CE
  Br J Dermatol. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21375519
   
  
• Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47.
  Anderson CA, Boucher G, Lees CW, Franke A, D'Amato M, Taylor KD, Lee JC, Goyette P, Imielinski M, Latiano A, Lagacé C, Scott R, Amininejad L, Bumpstead S, Baidoo L, Baldassano RN, Barclay M, Bayless TM, Brand S, Büning C, Colombel JF, Denson LA, De Vos M, Dubinsky M, Edwards C, Ellinghaus D, Fehrmann RS, Floyd JA, Florin T, Franchimont D, Franke L, Georges M, Glas J, Glazer NL, Guthery SL, Haritunians T, Hayward NK, Hugot JP, Jobin G, Laukens D, Lawrance I, Lémann M, Levine A, Libioulle C, Louis E, McGovern DP, Milla M, Montgomery GW, Morley KI, Mowat C, Ng A, Newman W, Ophoff RA, Papi L, Palmieri O, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Panés J, Phillips A, Prescott NJ, Proctor DD, Roberts R, Russell R, Rutgeerts P, Sanderson J, Sans M, Schumm P, Seibold F, Sharma Y, Simms LA, Seielstad M, Steinhart AH, Targan SR, van den Berg LH, Vatn M, Verspaget H, Walters T, Wijmenga C, Wilson DC, Westra HJ, Xavier RJ, Zhao ZZ, Ponsioen CY, Andersen V, Torkvist L, Gazouli M, Anagnou NP, Karlsen TH, Kupcinskas L, Sventoraityte J, Mansfield JC, Kugathasan S, Silverberg MS, Halfvarson J, Rotter JI, Mathew CG, Griffiths AM, Gearry R, Ahmad T, Brant SR, Chamaillard M, Satsangi J, Cho JH, Schreiber S, Daly MJ, Barrett JC, Parkes M, Annese V, Hakonarson H, Radford-Smith G, Duerr RH, Vermeire S, Weersma RK, Rioux JD
  Nat Genet. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21297633
   
  
• CXCR4 expression on activated B cells is downregulated by CD63 and IL-21.
  Yoshida N, Kitayama D, Arima M, Sakamoto A, Inamine A, Watanabe-Takano H, Hatano M, Koike T, Tokuhisa T
  J Immunol. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21270405
   
  
• Intrinsic IL-21 signaling is critical for CD8 T cell survival and memory formation in response to vaccinia viral infection.
  Novy P, Huang X, Leonard WJ, Yang Y
  J Immunol. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21257966
   
  
• IL-21 and IL-21 receptor expression in lymphocytes and neurons in multiple sclerosis brain.
  Tzartos JS, Craner MJ, Friese MA, Jakobsen KB, Newcombe J, Esiri MM, Fugger L
  Am J Pathol. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21281812
   
  
• IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T cell (Tfh) differentiation.
  Eto D, Lao C, DiToro D, Barnett B, Escobar TC, Kageyama R, Yusuf I, Crotty S
  PLoS One. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21423809
   
  
• Role of the rs6822844 gene polymorphism at the IL2-IL21 region in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis.
  Rodríguez-Rodríguez L, Castañeda S, Vázquez-Rodríguez TR, Morado IC, Gómez-Vaquero C, Marí-Alfonso B, Miranda-Filloy JA, Narvaez J, Ortego-Centeno N, Vicente EF, Blanco R, Amigo-Diaz E, Fernández-Gutiérrez B, Martin J, González-Gay MA
  Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21269573
   
  
• A high-resolution anatomical atlas of the transcriptome in the mouse embryo.
  Diez-Roux G, Banfi S, Sultan M, Geffers L, Anand S, Rozado D, Magen A, Canidio E, Pagani M, Peluso I, Lin-Marq N, Koch M, Bilio M, Cantiello I, Verde R, De Masi C, Bianchi SA, Cicchini J, Perroud E, Mehmeti S, Dagand E, Schrinner S, Nürnberger A, Schmidt K, Metz K, Zwingmann C, Brieske N, Springer C, Hernandez AM, Herzog S, Grabbe F, Sieverding C, Fischer B, Schrader K, Brockmeyer M, Dettmer S, Helbig C, Alunni V, Battaini MA, Mura C, Henrichsen CN, Garcia-Lopez R, Echevarria D, Puelles E, Garcia-Calero E, Kruse S, Uhr M, Kauck C, Feng G, Milyaev N, Ong CK, Kumar L, Lam M, Semple CA, Gyenesei A, Mundlos S, Radelof U, Lehrach H, Sarmientos P, Reymond A, Davidson DR, Dollé P, Antonarakis SE, Yaspo ML, Martinez S, Baldock RA, Eichele G, Ballabio A
  PLoS Biol. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21267068
   
  
• Interleukin-21 maintains the expression of CD16 on monocytes via the production of IL-10 by human naïve CD4+ T cells.
  Liu Y, Yang B, Ma J, Wang H, Huang F, Zhang J, Chen H, Wu C
  Cell Immunol. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21227406
   
  
• IL-27 supports germinal center function by enhancing IL-21 production and the function of T follicular helper cells.
  Batten M, Ramamoorthi N, Kljavin NM, Ma CS, Cox JH, Dengler HS, Danilenko DM, Caplazi P, Wong M, Fulcher DA, Cook MC, King C, Tangye SG, de Sauvage FJ, Ghilardi N
  J Exp Med. 2010
  PubMed ID: 21098093
   
  
• IL-21 induces death of marginal zone B cells during chronic inflammation.
  Tortola L, Yadava K, Bachmann MF, Müller C, Kisielow J, Kopf M
  Blood. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20826721
   
  
• The interactions of multiple cytokines control NK cell maturation.
  Brady J, Carotta S, Thong RP, Chan CJ, Hayakawa Y, Smyth MJ, Nutt SL
  J Immunol. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20974986
   
  
• Genetically determined amerindian ancestry correlates with increased frequency of risk alleles for systemic lupus erythematosus.
  Sanchez E, Webb RD, Rasmussen A, Kelly JA, Riba L, Kaufman KM, Garcia-de la Torre I, Moctezuma JF, Maradiaga-Ceceña MA, Cardiel-Rios MH, Acevedo E, Cucho-Venegas M, Garcia MA, Gamron S, Pons-Estel BA, Vasconcelos C, Martin J, Tusié-Luna T, Harley JB, Richardson B, Sawalha AH, Alarcón-Riquelme ME
  Arthritis Rheum. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20848568
   
  
• A nonredundant role for IL-21 receptor signaling in plasma cell differentiation and protective type 2 immunity against gastrointestinal helminth infection.
  King IL, Mohrs K, Mohrs M
  J Immunol. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20926797
   
  
• Single nucleotide polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and tumour protein 73 (TP73) interact with Epstein Barr virus in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results from the European case-control study EpiLymph.
  Casabonne D, Reina O, Benavente Y, Becker N, Maynadie' M, Foretova L, Cocco P, Gonzalez-Neira A, Nieters A, Boffetta P, Middeldorp JM, de Sanjose S
  Haematologica. 2010
  PubMed ID: 21048031
   
  
• Enhancement of proliferation and downregulation of TRAIL expression on CD8+ T cells by IL-21.
  Melief CJ, Schoenberger SP
  Eur J Immunol. 2010
  PubMed ID: 21064084
   
  
• Critical role for IL-21 in both primary and memory anti-viral CD8+ T-cell responses.
  Barker BR, Gladstone MN, Gillard GO, Panas MW, Letvin NL
  Eur J Immunol. 2010
  PubMed ID: 21061439
   
  
• [Characterization of memory CD4+ IL-21+ T cells in human PBMC].
  Liu Y, Li L, Huang FY, Wu CY
  Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2010
  PubMed ID: 21055341
   
  
• HLA-DQ2-restricted gluten-reactive T cells produce IL-21 but not IL-17 or IL-22.
  Bodd M, Ráki M, Tollefsen S, Fallang LE, Bergseng E, Lundin KE, Sollid LM
  Mucosal Immunol. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20571486
   
  
• IL-21 deficiency influences CD8 T cell quality and recall responses following an acute viral infection.
  Yi JS, Ingram JT, Zajac AJ
  J Immunol. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20844201
   
  
• Interleukin (IL)-21-independent pathogen-specific CD8+ T-cell expansion, and IL-21-dependent suppression of CD4+ T-cell IL-17 production.
  Ertelt JM, Johanns TM, Rowe JH, Way SS
  Immunology. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20465570
   
  
• Early disease onset is predicted by a higher genetic risk for lupus and is associated with a more severe phenotype in lupus patients.
  Webb R, Kelly JA, Somers EC, Hughes T, Kaufman KM, Sanchez E, Nath SK, Bruner G, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Gilkeson GS, Kamen DL, Richardson BC, Harley JB, Sawalha AH
  Ann Rheum Dis. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20881011
   
  
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• B and T lymphocyte attenuator suppresses IL-21 production from follicular Th cells and subsequent humoral immune responses.
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• Adaptive immune response in osteoclastic bone resorption induced by orally administered Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in a rat model of periodontal disease.
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• Investigation of potential non-HLA rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility loci in a European cohort increases the evidence for nine markers.
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• Interferon-gamma-expressing cells are a major source of interleukin-21 in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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• HIV-specific IL-21 producing CD4+ T cells are induced in acute and chronic progressive HIV infection and are associated with relative viral control.
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• Interleukin 21 expression is increased in rectal biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis.
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• Interleukin-9 polymorphism in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection: an opposite effect in boys and girls.
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• Genome-wide association study meta-analysis identifies seven new rheumatoid arthritis risk loci.
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• Investigation of rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility genes identifies association of AFF3 and CD226 variants with response to anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment.
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• Combination of IL-21 and IL-15 enhances tumour-specific cytotoxicity and cytokine production of TCR-transduced primary T cells.
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• IL-21 enhances NK cell functions and survival in healthy and HIV-infected patients with minimal stimulation of viral replication.
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• IL-7 and IL-21 are superior to IL-2 and IL-15 in promoting human T cell-mediated rejection of systemic lymphoma in immunodeficient mice.
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• TCR gene-engineered T cell: limited T cell activation and combined use of IL-15 and IL-21 ensure minimal differentiation and maximal antigen-specificity.
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• New genetic associations detected in a host response study to hepatitis B vaccine.
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• Multiple common variants for celiac disease influencing immune gene expression.
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• Interleukin-23 promotes Th17 differentiation by inhibiting T-bet and FoxP3 and is required for elevation of interleukin-22, but not interleukin-21, in autoimmune experimental arthritis.
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• IL-21 regulates Th17 cells in rheumatoid arthritis.
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• A functionally relevant IRF5 haplotype is associated with reduced risk to Wegener's granulomatosis.
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• c-Maf activates the promoter and enhancer of the IL-21 gene, and TGF-beta inhibits c-Maf-induced IL-21 production in CD4+ T cells.
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• IL-21 is critical for GVHD in a mouse model.
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• Cumulative association of 22 genetic variants with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis risk.
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• The role of rheumatoid arthritis genetic susceptibility markers in the prediction of erosive disease in patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis: results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register.
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• Association of the AFF3 gene and IL2/IL21 gene region with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
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• Elevated interleukin-21 correlated to Th17 and Th1 cells in patients with immune thrombocytopenia.
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• IL-21 regulates germinal center B cell differentiation and proliferation through a B cell-intrinsic mechanism.
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• IL-21 acts directly on B cells to regulate Bcl-6 expression and germinal center responses.
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• Cutting edge: spontaneous development of IL-17-producing gamma delta T cells in the thymus occurs via a TGF-beta 1-dependent mechanism.
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• A little 'help' from IL-21 during persistent viral infection.
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• B cell-intrinsic signaling through IL-21 receptor and STAT3 is required for establishing long-lived antibody responses in humans.
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• Dynamics and consequences of IL-21 production in HIV-infected individuals: a longitudinal and cross-sectional study.
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• Mouse macrophages are permissive to motile Legionella species that fail to trigger pyroptosis.
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• IL-21 preferentially enhances IL-15-mediated homeostatic proliferation of human CD28+ CD8 memory T cells throughout the adult age span.
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• Elevated production of B cell chemokine CXCL13 is correlated with systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity.
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• Analysis of interleukin-21-induced Prdm1 gene regulation reveals functional cooperation of STAT3 and IRF4 transcription factors.
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• IL-21 blockade reduces graft-versus-host disease mortality by supporting inducible T regulatory cell generation.
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• Endogenous IL-21 restricts CD8+ T cell expansion and is not required for tumor immunity.
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• IL-21 and IL-10 have redundant roles but differential capacities at different stages of Plasma Cell generation from human Germinal Center B cells.
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• Common and different genetic background for rheumatoid arthritis and coeliac disease.
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• Transcriptional activation of the interleukin-21 gene and its receptor gene by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax in human T-cells.
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• Involvement of interleukin-21 in the epidermal hyperplasia of psoriasis.
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• Modulation of single-cell IgG secretion frequency and rates in human memory B cells by CpG DNA, CD40L, IL-21, and cell division.
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• Genetic modification of T cells with IL-21 enhances antigen presentation and generation of central memory tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
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• Interleukin-21 regulates expression of the immediate-early lytic cycle genes and proteins in Epstein-Barr Virus infected B cells.
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• Four novel coeliac disease regions replicated in an association study of a Swedish-Norwegian family cohort.
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• IL-21 contributes to JAK3/STAT3 activation and promotes cell growth in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
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• IL-6 is required for airway mucus production induced by inhaled fungal allergens.
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• Human B cells secrete granzyme B when recognizing viral antigens in the context of the acute phase cytokine IL-21.
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• Human dendritic cells induce the differentiation of interleukin-21-producing T follicular helper-like cells through interleukin-12.
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• Cutting edge: IL-27 induces the transcription factor c-Maf, cytokine IL-21, and the costimulatory receptor ICOS that coordinately act together to promote differentiation of IL-10-producing Tr1 cells.
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• A vital role for interleukin-21 in the control of a chronic viral infection.
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• Lineage-specific biology revealed by a finished genome assembly of the mouse.
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• Confirmation of STAT4, IL2/IL21, and CTLA4 polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis.
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• IL-21 ensures TGF-beta 1-induced IgA isotype expression in mouse Peyer's patches.
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• A positive feedback loop of IL-21 signaling provoked by homeostatic CD4+CD25- T cell expansion is essential for the development of arthritis in autoimmune K/BxN mice.
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• Genetic susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in preterm children is associated with airway remodeling genes and innate immune genes.
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• IL-21 and IL-15 cytokine DNA augments HSV specific effector and memory CD8+ T cell response.
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• Follicular helper T cells are required for systemic autoimmunity.
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• IL-21-mediated potentiation of antitumor cytolytic and proinflammatory responses of human V gamma 9V delta 2 T cells for adoptive immunotherapy.
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• Interleukin-6/STAT3 signaling regulates the ability of naive T cells to acquire B-cell help capacities.
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• The costimulatory molecule ICOS regulates the expression of c-Maf and IL-21 in the development of follicular T helper cells and TH-17 cells.
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• The combination of IL-21 and IFN-alpha boosts STAT3 activation, cytotoxicity and experimental tumor therapy.
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• Testing for the association of the KIAA1109/Tenr/IL2/IL21 gene region with rheumatoid arthritis in a European family-based study.
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• Interleukin-21 stimulates B-cell immunoglobulin E synthesis in human beings concomitantly with activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression and differentiation into plasma cells.
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• IRF4 is essential for IL-21-mediated induction, amplification, and stabilization of the Th17 phenotype.
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• CCR6 regulates the migration of inflammatory and regulatory T cells.
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• Angiostatic activity of the antitumor cytokine interleukin-21.
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• IRF-4-binding protein inhibits interleukin-17 and interleukin-21 production by controlling the activity of IRF-4 transcription factor.
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• IL-21 stimulates human myeloma cell growth through an autocrine IGF-1 loop.
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• Aberrant expression of the Th2 cytokine IL-21 in Hodgkin lymphoma cells regulates STAT3 signaling and attracts Treg cells via regulation of MIP-3alpha.
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• Dissociation of its opposing immunologic effects is critical for the optimization of antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses induced by interleukin 21.
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• Six new celiac disease loci replicated in an Italian population confirm association to celiac disease.
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• A Common Exonic Variant of Interleukin21 Confers Susceptibility to Atopic Asthma.
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  Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008
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• Decreased levels of circulating IL-21 in HIV-infected AIDS patients: correlation with CD4+ T-cell counts.
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• IL-21-induced isotype switching to IgG and IgA by human naive B cells is differentially regulated by IL-4.
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  J Immunol. 2008
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• IL-21 and TGF-beta are required for differentiation of human T(H)17 cells.
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  Nature. 2008
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• A fundamental role for interleukin-21 in the generation of T follicular helper cells.
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• Generation of T follicular helper cells is mediated by interleukin-21 but independent of T helper 1, 2, or 17 cell lineages.
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• Polymorphisms in CLEC16A and CIITA at 16p13 are associated with primary adrenal insufficiency.
  Skinningsrud B, Husebye ES, Pearce SH, McDonald DO, Brandal K, Bøe Wolff A, Løvås K, Egeland T, Undlien DE
  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008
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• Molecular antagonism and plasticity of regulatory and inflammatory T cell programs.
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• IL-21 and IL-21R are not required for development of Th17 cells and autoimmunity in vivo.
  Sonderegger I, Kisielow J, Meier R, King C, Kopf M
  Eur J Immunol. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18546146
   
  
• Neutralizing IL-21 and IL-15 inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production in rheumatoid arthritis.
  Andersson AK, Feldmann M, Brennan FM
  Scand J Immunol. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18482208
   
  
• Development and characterization of IL-21-producing CD4+ T cells.
  Suto A, Kashiwakuma D, Kagami S, Hirose K, Watanabe N, Yokote K, Saito Y, Nakayama T, Grusby MJ, Iwamoto I, Nakajima H
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  PubMed ID: 18474630
   
  
• Cutting edge: IL-21 is not essential for Th17 differentiation or experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
  Coquet JM, Chakravarti S, Smyth MJ, Godfrey DI
  J Immunol. 2008
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• Association study of IL2/IL21 and FcgRIIa: significant association with the IL2/IL21 region in Scandinavian coeliac disease families.
  Adamovic S, Amundsen SS, Lie BA, Gudjónsdóttir AH, Ascher H, Ek J, van Heel DA, Nilsson S, Sollid LM, Torinsson Naluai A
  Genes Immun. 2008
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• IL-2 and IL-21 confer opposing differentiation programs to CD8+ T cells for adoptive immunotherapy.
  Hinrichs CS, Spolski R, Paulos CM, Gattinoni L, Kerstann KW, Palmer DC, Klebanoff CA, Rosenberg SA, Leonard WJ, Restifo NP
  Blood. 2008
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• IL-21 is expressed in Hodgkin lymphoma and activates STAT5: evidence that activated STAT5 is required for Hodgkin lymphomagenesis.
  Scheeren FA, Diehl SA, Smit LA, Beaumont T, Naspetti M, Bende RJ, Blom B, Karube K, Ohshima K, van Noesel CJ, Spits H
  Blood. 2008
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• IL-21 mediates apoptosis through up-regulation of the BH3 family member BIM and enhances both direct and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro.
  Gowda A, Roda J, Hussain SR, Ramanunni A, Joshi T, Schmidt S, Zhang X, Lehman A, Jarjoura D, Carson WE, Kindsvogel W, Cheney C, Caligiuri MA, Tridandapani S, Muthusamy N, Byrd JC
  Blood. 2008
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• Interleukin-21 regulates expression of key Epstein-Barr virus oncoproteins, EBNA2 and LMP1, in infected human B cells.
  Konforte D, Simard N, Paige CJ
  Virology. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18222514
   
  
• Interleukin 21 enhances antibody-mediated tumor rejection.
  Smyth MJ, Teng MW, Sharkey J, Westwood JA, Haynes NM, Yagita H, Takeda K, Sivakumar PV, Kershaw MH
  Cancer Res. 2008
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• Regulation of gut inflammation and th17 cell response by interleukin-21.
  Fina D, Sarra M, Fantini MC, Rizzo A, Caruso R, Caprioli F, Stolfi C, Cardolini I, Dottori M, Boirivant M, Pallone F, Macdonald TT, Monteleone G
  Gastroenterology. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18395085
   
  
• Genetic association of interleukin-21 polymorphisms with systemic lupus erythematosus.
  Sawalha AH, Kaufman KM, Kelly JA, Adler AJ, Aberle T, Kilpatrick J, Wakeland EK, Li QZ, Wandstrat AE, Karp DR, James JA, Merrill JT, Lipsky P, Harley JB
  Ann Rheum Dis. 2008
  PubMed ID: 17720724
   
  
• Interleukin-21 is associated with IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies to erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 peptide 4 of Plasmodium falciparum in Gabonese children with acute falciparum malaria.
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  Eur Cytokine Netw. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18299268
   
  
• Autocrine regulation of IL-21 production in human T lymphocytes.
  Caprioli F, Sarra M, Caruso R, Stolfi C, Fina D, Sica G, MacDonald TT, Pallone F, Monteleone G
  J Immunol. 2008
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• IL-21 enhances antitumor responses without stimulating proliferation of malignant T cells of patients with Sézary syndrome.
  Yoon JS, Newton SM, Wysocka M, Troxel AB, Hess SD, Richardson SK, Lin JH, Benoit BM, Kasprzycka M, Wasik MA, Rook AH
  J Invest Dermatol. 2008
  PubMed ID: 17713571
   
  
• The opposite effects of IL-15 and IL-21 on CLL B cells correlate with differential activation of the JAK/STAT and ERK1/2 pathways.
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  Blood. 2008
  PubMed ID: 17938255
   
  
• Impaired autoimmune T helper 17 cell responses following DNA vaccination against rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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  PubMed ID: 18997868
   
  
• Effective collaboration between IL-4 and IL-21 on B cell activation.
  Saito T, Kitayama D, Sakamoto A, Tsuruoka N, Arima M, Hatano M, Miyazaki M, Tokuhisa T
  Immunobiology. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18656702
   
  
• IL-21 modulates CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T-cell homeostasis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
  Piao WH, Jee YH, Liu RL, Coons SW, Kala M, Collins M, Young DA, Campagnolo DI, Vollmer TL, Bai XF, La Cava A, Shi FD
  Scand J Immunol. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18052963
   
  
• IL-21 mediated Foxp3 suppression leads to enhanced generation of antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
  Li Y, Yee C
  Blood. 2008
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• IL-21 induces inhibitor of differentiation 2 and leads to complete abrogation of anaphylaxis in mice.
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  J Immunol. 2007
  PubMed ID: 18056403
   
  
• Cytokine-mediated regulation of human B cell differentiation into Ig-secreting cells: predominant role of IL-21 produced by CXCR5+ T follicular helper cells.
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  J Immunol. 2007
  PubMed ID: 18056361
   
  
• IL-21 is produced by Th17 cells and drives IL-17 production in a STAT3-dependent manner.
  Wei L, Laurence A, Elias KM, O'Shea JJ
  J Biol Chem. 2007
  PubMed ID: 17884812
   
  
• IL-21 administration into the nostril alleviates murine allergic rhinitis.
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• [Changes of serum BAFF and IL-21 levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and their clinical significance]
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  PubMed ID: 17988587
   
  
• Essential role of IL-21 in B cell activation, expansion, and plasma cell generation during CD4+ T cell-B cell collaboration.
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  J Immunol. 2007
  PubMed ID: 17947662
   
  
• Overexpression of IL-21 promotes massive CD8+ memory T cell accumulation.
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  Eur J Immunol. 2007
  PubMed ID: 17918202
   
  
• IL-21 regulates experimental colitis by modulating the balance between Treg and Th17 cells.
  Fantini MC, Rizzo A, Fina D, Caruso R, Becker C, Neurath MF, Macdonald TT, Pallone F, Monteleone G
  Eur J Immunol. 2007
  PubMed ID: 17918200
   
  
• New players in the cytokine orchestra of inflammatory bowel disease.
  Fantini MC, Monteleone G, Macdonald TT
  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007
  PubMed ID: 17712836
   
  
• High IL-21 receptor expression and apoptosis induction by IL-21 in follicular lymphoma.
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• Human CD4+ central and effector memory T cells produce IL-21: effect on cytokine-driven proliferation of CD4+ T cell subsets.
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  Int Immunol. 2007
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• IL-21 induces apoptosis of antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes.
  Barker BR, Parvani JG, Meyer D, Hey AS, Skak K, Letvin NL
  J Immunol. 2007
  PubMed ID: 17785794
   
  
• Genetic susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis is predominantly associated with innate immune genes.
  Janssen R, Bont L, Siezen CL, Hodemaekers HM, Ermers MJ, Doornbos G, van 't Slot R, Wijmenga C, Goeman JJ, Kimpen JL, van Houwelingen HC, Kimman TG, Hoebee B
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• IL-21 promotes T lymphocyte survival by activating the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling cascade.
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  J Leukoc Biol. 2007
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• Cloning and characterization of an isoform of interleukin-21.
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  FEBS Lett. 2007
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• The existence of multiple conformers of interleukin-21 directs engineering of a superpotent analogue.
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• Essential autocrine regulation by IL-21 in the generation of inflammatory T cells.
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  Nature. 2007
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• IL-21 initiates an alternative pathway to induce proinflammatory T(H)17 cells.
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• A genome-wide association study for celiac disease identifies risk variants in the region harboring IL2 and IL21.
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  Nat Genet. 2007
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• IL-21 promotes differentiation of naive CD8 T cells to a unique effector phenotype.
  Casey KA, Mescher MF
  J Immunol. 2007
  PubMed ID: 17548600
   
  
• Bcl6 is required for the IL-4-mediated rescue of the B cells from apoptosis induced by IL-21.
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• Interleukin-21: a new modulator of immunity, infection, and cancer.
  Brandt K, Singh PB, Bulfone-Paus S, Rückert R
  Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2007
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• BCR ligation antagonizes the IL-21 enhancement of anti-CD40/IL-4 plasma cell differentiation and IgE production found in low density human B cell cultures.
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  Cell Immunol. 2007
  PubMed ID: 17888893
   
  
• IL-21 is highly produced in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa and promotes gelatinases synthesis.
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• IL-21 has a pathogenic role in a lupus-prone mouse model and its blockade with IL-21R.Fc reduces disease progression.
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• IL-21 is produced by NKT cells and modulates NKT cell activation and cytokine production.
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• hORFeome v3.1: a resource of human open reading frames representing over 10,000 human genes.
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• Violating the splicing rules: TG dinucleotides function as alternative 3' splice sites in U2-dependent introns.
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• A functional role for interleukin-21 in promoting the synthesis of the T-cell chemoattractant, MIP-3alpha, by gut epithelial cells.
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• IL-21-induced Bepsilon cell apoptosis mediated by natural killer T cells suppresses IgE responses.
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• Identification of cellular intermediates and molecular pathways induced by IL-21 in human B cells.
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• Redundant and unique regulation of activated mouse B lymphocytes by IL-4 and IL-21.
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• Kinetics of human B cell behavior and amplification of proliferative responses following stimulation with IL-21.
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• IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition of human IgE synthesis by IL-21 is associated with a polymorphism in the IL-21R gene.
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• IL-21 inhibits IFN-gamma production in developing Th1 cells through the repression of Eomesodermin expression.
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• Interleukin-21 enhances NK cell activation in response to antibody-coated targets.
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• Differential effects of IL-15 and IL-21 in myeloid (CD11b+) and lymphoid (CD11b-) bone marrow cells.
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• The IL-21 receptor augments Th2 effector function and alternative macrophage activation.
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• IgE isotype switch and IgE production are enhanced in IL-21-deficient but not IFN-gamma-deficient mice in a Th2-biased response.
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• IL-21 enhances SOCS gene expression and inhibits LPS-induced cytokine production in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
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• Divergent effects of IL-12 and IL-23 on the production of IL-17 by human T cells.
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• IL-21 down-regulates NKG2D/DAP10 expression on human NK and CD8+ T cells.
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• Interleukin-21 mRNA expression during virus infections.
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• IL-21 induces differentiation of human naive and memory B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells.
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• IL-21 dependent IgE production in human and mouse in vitro culture systems is cell density and cell division dependent and is augmented by IL-10.
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• Interleukin-21: a modulator of lymphoid proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation.
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• IL-21 influences the frequency, phenotype, and affinity of the antigen-specific CD8 T cell response.
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• IL-21 sustains CD28 expression on IL-15-activated human naive CD8+ T cells.
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• Calcium-dependent activation of interleukin-21 gene expression in T cells.
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• Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.
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  Nature. 2005
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• Interleukin-21 enhances T-helper cell type I signaling and interferon-gamma production in Crohn's disease.
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• Differential effects of IL-21 during initiation and progression of autoimmunity against neuroantigen.
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• NFATc2 and T-bet contribute to T-helper-cell-subset-specific regulation of IL-21 expression.
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  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005
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• In vivo and in vitro roles of IL-21 in inflammation.
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• Biology of IL-21 and the IL-21 receptor.
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  Immunol Rev. 2004
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• Regulation of B cell differentiation and plasma cell generation by IL-21, a novel inducer of Blimp-1 and Bcl-6.
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