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AFF3

Gene Description:   AF4/FMR2 family, member 3 Synonyms:   AFF3, LAF-4, 3222402O04Rik, Laf4, MLLT2-like, LAF4, A730046J16, Aff3 Orthologs:   Human AFF3 (protein-coding), Mouse Aff3 (protein-coding), Rat Aff3 (protein-coding)   Sources Sources Human-Mouse: HomoloGene, MGD, RGD Human-Rat: HomoloGene, MGD, RGD, Inparanoid Mouse-Rat: HomoloGene, MGD, RGD Possible sources: HomoloGene, MGD, RGD, Ensembl, Inparanoid, OrthoMCL, KEGG

Regions Overlapping this Feature:  Human: 1 Mouse: 2 Rat: 1

Associated Regions: Available

Regions were calculated based on variants available for a large study with a convincing p-value (P < 5 x 10^-8) +/- 0.1cM, and then these regions were examined for genes based on the current set of T1DBase gene spans.

Region	Species	Chromosomal Location	Mb	Number of genes	Marker
2q11.2	Human	chr2:100516689..101049115	0.53	31	rs9653442 rs1160542

Linkage Regions: Available

Locus	Species	Chromosomal Location	Mb	Number of genes	Linkage and Congenic Studies
Idd26	Mouse	chr1:19802051..40319403	20.52	149

Other Regions: Available

Locus	Species	Chromosomal Location	Mb	Number of genes
Human 2q11.2 Orthologous Region	Rat	chr9:37404651..37888230	0.48	2
Human 2q11.2 Orthologous Region	Mouse	chr1:38509547..38960828	0.45	3

(Human) GRCh37 - chr2:100163715..100759201 (595.49 kb)  View in Genome Browser

(Mouse) NCBIM37 - chr1:38234171..38721800 (487.63 kb)  View in Genome Browser

(Rat) RGSC3.4 - chr9:37121330..37516836 (395.51 kb)  View in Genome Browser

Users should be aware that the scale represents a rank within an experiment rather than a normalized expression signal.

Human Mouse Rat ductal cells exocrine pancreas pancreatic islets primary beta cells Pancreatic Islets MPSS beta cell line pancreatic islets whole pancreas alpha cell beta cell line pancreatic islets primary beta cells whole pancreas                     no data   no data

Expression Legend   Range 0                                                                                                     100                                                                                                       No Data The Beta Cell Gene Atlas is a collection of almost all available public microarray data generated with pancreatic beta cells and related cell lines and types. The expression data comes from 131 array analyses derived from 28 experiments (open details in a new window). The basal (untreated cell) expression signal intensity values in each array were converted to ranks within the experiments; the highest value was used for genes represented by more than one probe. The rank values of genes in a given cell type were averaged with other calculated values from experiments performed with the same cell type. The rank transformation of the expression values enable comparison of gene expression across different organisms and tissues. A red border around a cell indicates greater certainty in the data; specifically, the gene has >0.95 probability of being expressed in the tissue.

Users should be aware that the scale represents a rank within an experiment rather than a normalized expression signal.

Expression Legend

Range 0                                                                                                     100                                                                                                       No Data

Signal intensity values were converted to ranks within the experiments. For genes represented by more than one probeset, we averaged the intensity signals for each probeset across all tissues and chose the probeset with the highest average value. The rank transformation of the expression values enables comparison of gene expression across different organisms and tissues.

Symbols represent expression compared with the overall mean. Please click 'HaemAtlasProfile' link below for associated probe mappings and a detailed profile.

CD Marker EB MK CD66b CD14 CD19 CD8 CD4 CD56 Expression Pattern HaemAtlasProfile

Expression Legend CD Marker Cell Type Lineage EB Erythroblast PRECURSOR MK Megakaryocyte PRECURSOR CD66b Granulocyte MYELOID CD14 Monocyte MYELOID CD19 B Lymphocyte LYMPHOID CD8 Tc Lymphocyte LYMPHOID CD4 Th Lymphocyte LYMPHOID CD56 Natural Killer cell LYMPHOID Symbol Expression Level High Moderate Low Not Detected

Interactions Table for AFF3: The AFF3 interactions are shown below. Each row lists the two interactors, the sources which document this as an interaction, a classification of the interaction as empirical or predicted, and Pubmed IDs (if any) for the interaction. The table of interactions is downloadable as a text file. Please note that the text file will not include data from HPRD due to restrictions imposed by the HPRD funding sources. Interactor Interactor Sources Classification Pubmed IDs AFF3   IRS1   IntAct  empirical  15602769  AFF3   MLLT3   BioGRID  empirical  20431927  20854876

View all

KEGG Network: None available   None available.

Biocarta: None available   None available.

Reactome: None available   None available.

NCI-Nature Pathway Interaction Database: None available   None available.

Gene Ontology: 6   DNA binding GO:0003677 Double-stranded DNA binding GO:0003690 Nucleus GO:0005634 Regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent GO:0006355 Response to tumor necrosis factor GO:0034612 Embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis GO:0035116

	KEGG Network: None available
	Biocarta: None available
	Reactome: None available
	NCI-Nature Pathway Interaction Database: None available
	Gene Ontology: 6 DNA binding GO:0003677 Double-stranded DNA binding GO:0003690 Nucleus GO:0005634 Regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent GO:0006355 Response to tumor necrosis factor GO:0034612 Embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis GO:0035116

Type 1 Diabetes Publications: 1

• Identification of AF4/FMR2 family, member 3 (AFF3) as a novel rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility locus and confirmation of two further pan-autoimmune susceptibility genes.
  Barton A, Eyre S, Ke X, Hinks A, Bowes J, Flynn E, Martin P, YEAR Consortium, BIRAC Consortium, Wilson AG, Morgan AW, Emery P, Steer S, Hocking LJ, Reid DM, Harrison P, Wordsworth P, Thomson W, Worthington J
  Hum Mol Genet. 2009
  PubMed ID: 19359276
   
  

Publications: 48

• Functional characterization of the AFF (AF4/FMR2) family of RNA-binding proteins: insights into the molecular pathology of FRAXE intellectual disability.
  Melko M, Douguet D, Bensaid M, Zongaro S, Verheggen C, Gecz J, Bardoni B
  Hum Mol Genet. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21330300
   
  
• Identification of anchor genes during kidney development defines ontological relationships, molecular subcompartments and regulatory pathways.
  Thiagarajan RD, Georgas KM, Rumballe BA, Lesieur E, Chiu HS, Taylor D, Tang DT, Grimmond SM, Little MH
  PLoS One. 2011
  PubMed ID: 21386911
   
  
• Investigation of potential non-HLA rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility loci in a European cohort increases the evidence for nine markers.
  Plant D, Flynn E, Mbarek H, Dieudé P, Cornelis F, Arlestig L, Dahlqvist SR, Goulielmos G, Boumpas DT, Sidiropoulos P, Johansen JS, Ørnbjerg LM, Hetland ML, Klareskog L, Filer A, Buckley CD, Raza K, Witte T, Schmidt RE, Worthington J
  Ann Rheum Dis. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20498205
   
  
• Personalized smoking cessation: interactions between nicotine dose, dependence and quit-success genotype score.
  Rose JE, Behm FM, Drgon T, Johnson C, Uhl GR
  Mol Med. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20379614
   
  
• Genome-wide association study meta-analysis identifies seven new rheumatoid arthritis risk loci.
  Stahl EA, Raychaudhuri S, Remmers EF, Xie G, Eyre S, Thomson BP, Li Y, Kurreeman FA, Zhernakova A, Hinks A, Guiducci C, Chen R, Alfredsson L, Amos CI, Ardlie KG, BIRAC Consortium, Barton A, Bowes J, Brouwer E, Burtt NP, Catanese JJ, Coblyn J, Coenen MJ, Costenbader KH, Criswell LA, Crusius JB, Cui J, de Bakker PI, De Jager PL, Ding B, Emery P, Flynn E, Harrison P, Hocking LJ, Huizinga TW, Kastner DL, Ke X, Lee AT, Liu X, Martin P, Morgan AW, Padyukov L, Posthumus MD, Radstake TR, Reid DM, Seielstad M, Seldin MF, Shadick NA, Steer S, Tak PP, Thomson W, van der Helm-van Mil AH, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, van der Schoot CE, van Riel PL, Weinblatt ME, Wilson AG, Wolbink GJ, Wordsworth BP, YEAR Consortium, Wijmenga C, Karlson EW, Toes RE, de Vries N, Begovich AB, Worthington J, Siminovitch KA, Gregersen PK, Klareskog L, Plenge RM
  Nat Genet. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20453842
   
  
• Investigation of rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility genes identifies association of AFF3 and CD226 variants with response to anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment.
  Tan RJ, Gibbons LJ, Potter C, Hyrich KL, Morgan AW, Wilson AG, Isaacs JD, BRAGGSS, Barton A
  Ann Rheum Dis. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20444755
   
  
• Characterization of the DOT1L network: implications of diverse roles for DOT1L.
  Park G, Gong Z, Chen J, Kim JE
  Protein J. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20431927
   
  
• The role of rheumatoid arthritis genetic susceptibility markers in the prediction of erosive disease in patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis: results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register.
  Plant D, Thomson W, Lunt M, Flynn E, Martin P, Eyre S, Farragher T, Bunn D, Worthington J, Symmons D, Barton A
  Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010
  PubMed ID: 20219786
   
  
• Association of the AFF3 gene and IL2/IL21 gene region with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
  Hinks A, Eyre S, Ke X, Barton A, Martin P, Flynn E, Packham J, Worthington J, Childhood Arthritis Prospective Study, UKRAG Consortium, BSPAR Study Group, Thomson W
  Genes Immun. 2010
  PubMed ID: 20072139
   
  
• Coeliac disease-associated risk variants in TNFAIP3 and REL implicate altered NF-kappaB signalling.
  Trynka G, Zhernakova A, Romanos J, Franke L, Hunt KA, Turner G, Bruinenberg M, Heap GA, Platteel M, Ryan AW, de Kovel C, Holmes GK, Howdle PD, Walters JR, Sanders DS, Mulder CJ, Mearin ML, Verbeek WH, Trimble V, Stevens FM, Kelleher D, Barisani D, Bardella MT, McManus R, van Heel DA, Wijmenga C
  Gut. 2009
  PubMed ID: 19240061
   
  
• Large-scale proteomics analysis of the human kinome.
  Oppermann FS, Gnad F, Olsen JV, Hornberger R, Greff Z, Kéri G, Mann M, Daub H
  Mol Cell Proteomics. 2009
  PubMed ID: 19369195
   
  
• Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.
  Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S
  Anal Chem. 2009
  PubMed ID: 19413330
   
  
• Lineage-specific biology revealed by a finished genome assembly of the mouse.
  Church DM, Goodstadt L, Hillier LW, Zody MC, Goldstein S, She X, Bult CJ, Agarwala R, Cherry JL, DiCuccio M, Hlavina W, Kapustin Y, Meric P, Maglott D, Birtle Z, Marques AC, Graves T, Zhou S, Teague B, Potamousis K, Churas C, Place M, Herschleb J, Runnheim R, Forrest D, Amos-Landgraf J, Schwartz DC, Cheng Z, Lindblad-Toh K, Eichler EE, Ponting CP, Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium
  PLoS Biol. 2009
  PubMed ID: 19468303
   
  
• Three-dimensional visualization of testis cord morphogenesis, a novel tubulogenic mechanism in development.
  Combes AN, Lesieur E, Harley VR, Sinclair AH, Little MH, Wilhelm D, Koopman P
  Dev Dyn. 2009
  PubMed ID: 19334288
   
  
• Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions.
  Mayya V, Lundgren DH, Hwang SI, Rezaul K, Wu L, Eng JK, Rodionov V, Han DK
  Sci Signal. 2009
  PubMed ID: 19690332
   
  
• Triangular tibia with fibular aplasia associated with a microdeletion on 2q11.2 encompassing LAF4.
  Steichen-Gersdorf E, Gassner I, Superti-Furga A, Ullmann R, Stricker S, Klopocki E, Mundlos S
  Clin Genet. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18616733
   
  
• A novel fusion 5'AFF3/3'BCL2 originated from a t(2;18)(q11.2;q21.33) translocation in follicular lymphoma.
  Impera L, Albano F, Lo Cunsolo C, Funes S, Iuzzolino P, Laveder F, Panagopoulos I, Rocchi M, Storlazzi CT
  Oncogene. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18622426
   
  
• Large-scale gene trapping in C57BL/6N mouse embryonic stem cells.
  Hansen GM, Markesich DC, Burnett MB, Zhu Q, Dionne KM, Richter LJ, Finnell RH, Sands AT, Zambrowicz BP, Abuin A
  Genome Res. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18799693
   
  
• A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.
  Dephoure N, Zhou C, Villén J, Beausoleil SA, Bakalarski CE, Elledge SJ, Gygi SP
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18669648
   
  
• GUDMAP: the genitourinary developmental molecular anatomy project.
  McMahon AP, Aronow BJ, Davidson DR, Davies JA, Gaido KW, Grimmond S, Lessard JL, Little MH, Potter SS, Wilder EL, Zhang P, GUDMAP project
  J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008
  PubMed ID: 18287559
   
  
• Robust associations of four new chromosome regions from genome-wide analyses of type 1 diabetes.
  Todd JA, Walker NM, Cooper JD, Smyth DJ, Downes K, Plagnol V, Bailey R, Nejentsev S, Field SF, Payne F, Lowe CE, Szeszko JS, Hafler JP, Zeitels L, Yang JH, Vella A, Nutland S, Stevens HE, Schuilenburg H, Coleman G, Maisuria M, Meadows W, Smink LJ, Healy B, Burren OS, Lam AA, Ovington NR, Allen J, Adlem E, Leung HT, Wallace C, Howson JM, Guja C, Ionescu-Tîrgovişte C, Genetics of Type 1 Diabetes in Finland, Simmonds MJ, Heward JM, Gough SC, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Dunger DB, Wicker LS, Clayton DG
  Nat Genet. 2007
  PubMed ID: 17554260
   
  
• BGEM: an in situ hybridization database of gene expression in the embryonic and adult mouse nervous system.
  Magdaleno S, Jensen P, Brumwell CL, Seal A, Lehman K, Asbury A, Cheung T, Cornelius T, Batten DM, Eden C, Norland SM, Rice DS, Dosooye N, Shakya S, Mehta P, Curran T
  PLoS Biol. 2006
  PubMed ID: 16602821
   
  
• Antisense transcription in the mammalian transcriptome.
  Katayama S, Tomaru Y, Kasukawa T, Waki K, Nakanishi M, Nakamura M, Nishida H, Yap CC, Suzuki M, Kawai J, Suzuki H, Carninci P, Hayashizaki Y, Wells C, Frith M, Ravasi T, Pang KC, Hallinan J, Mattick J, Hume DA, Lipovich L, Batalov S, Engström PG, Mizuno Y, Faghihi MA, Sandelin A, Chalk AM, Mottagui-Tabar S, Liang Z, Lenhard B, Wahlestedt C, RIKEN Genome Exploration Research Group, Genome Science Group (Genome Network Project Core Group), FANTOM Consortium
  Science. 2005
  PubMed ID: 16141073
   
  
• The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome.
  Carninci P, Kasukawa T, Katayama S, Gough J, Frith MC, Maeda N, Oyama R, Ravasi T, Lenhard B, Wells C, Kodzius R, Shimokawa K, Bajic VB, Brenner SE, Batalov S, Forrest AR, Zavolan M, Davis MJ, Wilming LG, Aidinis V, Allen JE, Ambesi-Impiombato A, Apweiler R, Aturaliya RN, Bailey TL, Bansal M, Baxter L, Beisel KW, Bersano T, Bono H, Chalk AM, Chiu KP, Choudhary V, Christoffels A, Clutterbuck DR, Crowe ML, Dalla E, Dalrymple BP, de Bono B, Della Gatta G, di Bernardo D, Down T, Engstrom P, Fagiolini M, Faulkner G, Fletcher CF, Fukushima T, Furuno M, Futaki S, Gariboldi M, Georgii-Hemming P, Gingeras TR, Gojobori T, Green RE, Gustincich S, Harbers M, Hayashi Y, Hensch TK, Hirokawa N, Hill D, Huminiecki L, Iacono M, Ikeo K, Iwama A, Ishikawa T, Jakt M, Kanapin A, Katoh M, Kawasawa Y, Kelso J, Kitamura H, Kitano H, Kollias G, Krishnan SP, Kruger A, Kummerfeld SK, Kurochkin IV, Lareau LF, Lazarevic D, Lipovich L, Liu J, Liuni S, McWilliam S, Madan Babu M, Madera M, Marchionni L, Matsuda H, Matsuzawa S, Miki H, Mignone F, Miyake S, Morris K, Mottagui-Tabar S, Mulder N, Nakano N, Nakauchi H, Ng P, Nilsson R, Nishiguchi S, Nishikawa S, Nori F, Ohara O, Okazaki Y, Orlando V, Pang KC, Pavan WJ, Pavesi G, Pesole G, Petrovsky N, Piazza S, Reed J, Reid JF, Ring BZ, Ringwald M, Rost B, Ruan Y, Salzberg SL, Sandelin A, Schneider C, Schönbach C, Sekiguchi K, Semple CA, Seno S, Sessa L, Sheng Y, Shibata Y, Shimada H, Shimada K, Silva D, Sinclair B, Sperling S, Stupka E, Sugiura K, Sultana R, Takenaka Y, Taki K, Tammoja K, Tan SL, Tang S, Taylor MS, Tegner J, Teichmann SA, Ueda HR, van Nimwegen E, Verardo R, Wei CL, Yagi K, Yamanishi H, Zabarovsky E, Zhu S, Zimmer A, Hide W, Bult C, Grimmond SM, Teasdale RD, Liu ET, Brusic V, Quackenbush J, Wahlestedt C, Mattick JS, Hume DA, Kai C, Sasaki D, Tomaru Y, Fukuda S, Kanamori-Katayama M, Suzuki M, Aoki J, Arakawa T, Iida J, Imamura K, Itoh M, Kato T, Kawaji H, Kawagashira N, Kawashima T, Kojima M, Kondo S, Konno H, Nakano K, Ninomiya N, Nishio T, Okada M, Plessy C, Shibata K, Shiraki T, Suzuki S, Tagami M, Waki K, Watahiki A, Okamura-Oho Y, Suzuki H, Kawai J, Hayashizaki Y, FANTOM Consortium, RIKEN Genome Exploration Research Group and Genome Science Group (Genome Network Project Core Group)
  Science. 2005
  PubMed ID: 16141072
   
  
• Infertility with defective spermiogenesis in mice lacking AF5q31, the target of chromosomal translocation in human infant leukemia.
  Urano A, Endoh M, Wada T, Morikawa Y, Itoh M, Kataoka Y, Taki T, Akazawa H, Nakajima H, Komuro I, Yoshida N, Hayashi Y, Handa H, Kitamura T, Nosaka T
  Mol Cell Biol. 2005
  PubMed ID: 16024815
   
  
• LAF-4 is aberrantly expressed in human breast cancer.
  To MD, Faseruk SA, Gokgoz N, Pinnaduwage D, Done SJ, Andrulis IL
  Int J Cancer. 2005
  PubMed ID: 15704140
   
  
• Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.
  Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Pepin KH, Minx P, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Kremitzki C, Oddy L, Du H, Sun H, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Carter J, Cordes M, Harris A, Isak A, van Brunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Abbott S, Armstrong J, Belter EA, Caruso L, Cedroni M, Cotton M, Davidson T, Desai A, Elliott G, Erb T, Fronick C, Gaige T, Haakenson W, Haglund K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Kim K, Kruchowski SS, Strong CM, Grewal N, Goyea E, Hou S, Levy A, Martinka S, Mead K, McLellan MD, Meyer R, Randall-Maher J, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Shah N, Swearengen-Shahid S, Snider J, Strong JT, Thompson J, Yoakum M, Leonard S, Pearman C, Trani L, Radionenko M, Waligorski JE, Wang C, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Maupin R, Latreille P, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Pohl C, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Berkowicz N, Nelson JO, Osborne J, Ding L, Meyer R, Sabo A, Shotland Y, Sinha P, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Jones TA, She X, Ciccarelli FD, Izaurralde E, Taylor J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Cox DR, Huang X, McPherson JD, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Warren WC, Chinwalla AT, Eddy SR, Marra MA, Ovcharenko I, Furey TS, Miller W, Eichler EE, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Waterston RH, Wilson RK
  Nature. 2005
  PubMed ID: 15815621
   
  
• Libraries enriched for alternatively spliced exons reveal splicing patterns in melanocytes and melanomas.
  Watahiki A, Waki K, Hayatsu N, Shiraki T, Kondo S, Nakamura M, Sasaki D, Arakawa T, Kawai J, Harbers M, Hayashizaki Y, Carninci P
  Nat Methods. 2004
  PubMed ID: 15782199
   
  
• The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).
  Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Morrin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J, MGC Project Team
  Genome Res. 2004
  PubMed ID: 15489334
   
  
• Transcriptome characterization elucidates signaling networks that control human ES cell growth and differentiation.
  Brandenberger R, Wei H, Zhang S, Lei S, Murage J, Fisk GJ, Li Y, Xu C, Fang R, Guegler K, Rao MS, Mandalam R, Lebkowski J, Stanton LW
  Nat Biotechnol. 2004
  PubMed ID: 15146197
   
  
• Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution.
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